31 March 2013
ইন্টারনেট ইতিহাসে সবচেয়ে বড় সাইবার আক্রমণের ঘটনাটি ঘটে গেছে ২৭ মার্চ
বিবিসি এবং নিউ ইয়র্ক টাইমসের প্রতিবেদনে বলা হয়েছে আক্রমণটি এতোটাই বড়
ছিলো যে, এর ফলে কার্যত স্থবির হয়ে গিয়েছিলো পুরো বিশ্বের ইন্টারনেট সংযোগ
ব্যবস্থা। প্রযুক্তি সংবাদ বিষয়ক সাইট টেক নিউজ ডেইলি জানিয়েছে, ওই সময়ে
ডেটা ট্রান্সফারের হার ছাড়িয়ে গিয়েছিলো প্রতি সেকেন্ড ৩০০ গিগাবাইট। ওই
সাইবার আক্রমণ বিষয়ে তদন্ত করতে এক সঙ্গে মাঠে নেমেছে পাঁচটি দেশের সাইবার
পুলিশ।
‘সর্বকালের সবচেয়ে বড় সাইবার আক্রমণ’টির সূত্রপাত ল-ন ও
জেনেভা ভিত্তক স্প্যাম ফিল্টার প্রতিষ্ঠান স্প্যামহস এবং ডাচ ওয়েব হোস্টিং
প্রতিষ্ঠান সাইবারবাংকারের মধ্যে চলমান রেষারেষি থেকে। ল-ন ও জেনেভা
ভিত্তিক প্রতিষ্ঠান স্প্যামহস একটি অলাভজনক প্রতিষ্ঠান যা ইমেইল সেবা দাতা
প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলোকে স্প্যাম ফিল্টার করতে সাহায্য করে।
স্প্যামারদের
হোস্ট করে এমন ওয়েব হোস্টিং প্রতিষ্ঠানগুলোর একটি ব্ল্যাকলিস্ট রয়েছে
স্প্যামহসের। স্প্যাম এবং অপ্রয়োজনীয় ইমেইল আসা ঠেকাতে স্প্যামহসের
তালিকাটির ব্যাপক ব্যবহার রয়েছে পুরো বিশ্বের ইন্টারনেট সার্ভিস
প্রোভাইডারদের মধ্যে।
অন্যদিকে ডাচ প্রতিষ্ঠান সাইবারবাংকারের
বিরুদ্ধে রয়েছে স্প্যাম হোস্টিংয়ের পুরনো অভিযোগ। শিশু পর্ণোপ্রাফি আর
সন্ত্রাসবাদী কন্টেন্ট বাদে যে কোনো কন্টেন্ট প্রতিষ্ঠানটি হোস্টিং করে বলে
অভিযোগ রয়েছে আগে থেকেই। ১৯৯৮ সালে একদল হ্যাকার প্রতিষ্ঠা করে
সাইবারবাংকার।
সম্প্রতি স্প্যামহস সাইবারবাংকারের কয়েকটি সার্ভার
ব্লক করে দেয়ায় ক্ষেপে যায় হ্যাকারদের প্রতিষ্ঠানটি। স্প্যামহসের বিরুদ্ধে
সাইবার আক্রমণ শুরু করে সাইবারবাংকারের হ্যাকাররা। প্রায় এক সপ্তাহ ধরে চলা
সাইবার আক্রমণ চরম আকার ধারণ করে ২৭ মার্চ। ডিনায়াল অফ সার্ভিস (ডিডিওএস)
আক্রমণের এক পর্যায়ে ডেটা ট্রান্সফার রেট প্রতি সেকেন্ড ৩০০ গিগাবাইট
ছাড়িয়ে যায়।
সাইবারবাংকারের আক্রমণের ঘটনাটিকে ইতিহাসের সবচেয়ে বড়
সাইবার আক্রমণের ঘটনা বলে চিহ্নিত করলেও ইন্টারনেটের ওপর এর প্রভাব কতোটা
পরেছিলো তা নিয়ে বিপরীতমুখি তথ্য দিচ্ছে বিভিন্ন সংবাদমাধ্যম। মার্কিন
দৈনিক নিউ নিয়র্ক টাইমস এবং বার্তা সংস্থা বিবিসি জানিয়েছে ওই সাইবার
আক্রমণের ডেটা ট্রান্সফারের চাপে স্থবির হয়ে পরেছিলো পুরো বিশ্বের
ইন্টারনেট সংযোগ। কিন্তু সিনেট এবং টেক নিউজ ডেইলির মতে প্রযুক্তি সংবাদ
বিষয়ক সাইটগুলো বলছে পুরো দুনিয়া নয় কেবল পশ্চিম ইউরোপের কয়েকটি দেশের ওপর
ইন্টারনেট সংযোগের ওপরই প্রভাব ফেলেছিলো ওই ঘটনা।
Europe Changed Its Mind over Online Porn
Just
a few days ago it looked like the European Parliament was decided to
ban online porn and tried to force ISPs to start doing so. However, the
bill, which was to provide a blanket ban for porn, was itself censored
before going before members.
The European Parliament took a decision to strike out the lively discussed extension of “media” into the worldwide web, effectively limiting the ban to advertising along with some undefined print media. They also removed a reference to the criminalization of any dissent against the report and the turning of broadband providers into thought cops from the bill.
With these amendments, all that is left for the Pirate Party to complain about was a decision to filter out its protests on the issue and to hide how the representatives voted on the report. According to the Pirate Party founder Rick Falkvinge, the legislation was dangerous to free speech, and it was also so broad that it even prevented sending sexual media between couples. Moreover, it would have even resulted in the criminalization of sexting.
The legislation was actually designed to prevent the use of sexist advertising and the sexualization of children and women in the media, as well as to stop the advertising of sex tourism. However, the bill appeared so general that it could be used to cover all forms of communication. This is a good thing that everything, which expanded “the media” in the bill to the web, was deleted before the vote.
What has miffed the Pirate Party founder was that the European Parliament responded by shutting off constituents’ protests. It seems that some Members of European Parliament had complained to the Parliament’s IT staff about emails from citizens protesting against the bill. As a result, protests against this report were classified as spam while countless emails protesting agricultural subsidies were still coming in to the MEPs’ inboxes. The Pirate Party claims that someone had rewritten the spam filter in such way that any mail containing the words “gender stereotypes” was recognized as spam.
The Pirate Party complained that Parliament didn’t care to do a so-called “roll call vote”, which is a vote where it shows who voted how. This means that they just decided collectively to disable their constituents from holding them accountable. Anyway, in the end the vote wasn’t as bad as it could have been.
The European Parliament took a decision to strike out the lively discussed extension of “media” into the worldwide web, effectively limiting the ban to advertising along with some undefined print media. They also removed a reference to the criminalization of any dissent against the report and the turning of broadband providers into thought cops from the bill.
With these amendments, all that is left for the Pirate Party to complain about was a decision to filter out its protests on the issue and to hide how the representatives voted on the report. According to the Pirate Party founder Rick Falkvinge, the legislation was dangerous to free speech, and it was also so broad that it even prevented sending sexual media between couples. Moreover, it would have even resulted in the criminalization of sexting.
The legislation was actually designed to prevent the use of sexist advertising and the sexualization of children and women in the media, as well as to stop the advertising of sex tourism. However, the bill appeared so general that it could be used to cover all forms of communication. This is a good thing that everything, which expanded “the media” in the bill to the web, was deleted before the vote.
What has miffed the Pirate Party founder was that the European Parliament responded by shutting off constituents’ protests. It seems that some Members of European Parliament had complained to the Parliament’s IT staff about emails from citizens protesting against the bill. As a result, protests against this report were classified as spam while countless emails protesting agricultural subsidies were still coming in to the MEPs’ inboxes. The Pirate Party claims that someone had rewritten the spam filter in such way that any mail containing the words “gender stereotypes” was recognized as spam.
The Pirate Party complained that Parliament didn’t care to do a so-called “roll call vote”, which is a vote where it shows who voted how. This means that they just decided collectively to disable their constituents from holding them accountable. Anyway, in the end the vote wasn’t as bad as it could have been.
Iran Failed to Block VPNs
An
outfit running a VPN service for Iranian clients announced that the
attempts of the local authorities to block the service during the
weekend have failed.
The country tried to block VPN ports all across the country in order to prevent citizens from visiting banned websites like Facebook and Skype, but the owner of a Brazilian VPN service claimed these attempts have largely been inefficient. According to Joshua Van Raalte, the users of the “Hide My Ass” free proxy haven’t been affected by the ban.
He believes that the latest attempt of the government at Internet restriction will most likely be fruitless. Van Raalte pointed that the block on VPNs was confirmed by a local protester on Facebook, which should have been banned in Iran.
In the meanwhile, the Chinese government has also spent many years and millions of dollars on technology which should have blocked VPNs, but yet they still get through regardless. In addition, the provision of proxy technology, instruments and software has so far managed to circumvent all attempts at censorship.
Over 1,200 Iranians make use of HMA’s free proxy service every week, despite that fact that it is officially blocked by the Iranian authorities. Joshua Van Raalte promised that “Hide My Ass” will keep supporting Iranian users as much as it can, because the company’s mission is to promote openness and the global freedom of expression provided by the worldwide web.
The country tried to block VPN ports all across the country in order to prevent citizens from visiting banned websites like Facebook and Skype, but the owner of a Brazilian VPN service claimed these attempts have largely been inefficient. According to Joshua Van Raalte, the users of the “Hide My Ass” free proxy haven’t been affected by the ban.
He believes that the latest attempt of the government at Internet restriction will most likely be fruitless. Van Raalte pointed that the block on VPNs was confirmed by a local protester on Facebook, which should have been banned in Iran.
In the meanwhile, the Chinese government has also spent many years and millions of dollars on technology which should have blocked VPNs, but yet they still get through regardless. In addition, the provision of proxy technology, instruments and software has so far managed to circumvent all attempts at censorship.
Over 1,200 Iranians make use of HMA’s free proxy service every week, despite that fact that it is officially blocked by the Iranian authorities. Joshua Van Raalte promised that “Hide My Ass” will keep supporting Iranian users as much as it can, because the company’s mission is to promote openness and the global freedom of expression provided by the worldwide web.
Jailed Hacker Cracked Prison Network
Nicholas
Webber, jailed for 5 years for creating a hacker’s forum website, was
accidentally invited into an IT class in prison. As you might guess, the
consequences of this move appeared difficult.
Now the prison authorities are arguing about who let it happen, but it actually doesn’t matter any more. For some reason, Nicholas Webber was allowed into an IT class in his prison, despite the fact that he was serving 5 years for launching a website called GhostMarket. The latter allowed people interested in writing computer viruses to partake of stolen IDs and enjoy private credit card data to congregate.
The hacker was caught using hacked personal data to purchase everything from smart devices to hotel stays. Although one might have thought that an IT class would have been dull for such expert, in fact inviting him to an IT class encouraged him to enjoy a little mischief. In result, the computer network at Her Majesty’s Prison Isis, South London, was hacked.
The mistake which led to the hacking back in 2011 has only come to light after the teacher at the IT class in jail, Michael Fox, launched a lawsuit against the college which employed him for unfair dismissal. The teacher claims he wasn’t aware that Webber had been a hacker. However, Prison Isis banned him and sent notes to other prisons that his talents were allegedly imperfect. As a result, Kensington and Chelsea College also laid him off.
According to the representatives of the prison, at the time of this incident the educational computer system at Isis was a closed network, without access to personal data or wider access to the worldwide web or other prison systems. However, the press reports announced that a “major panic” ensued. Michael Fox told an employment tribunal that the perceived problem was there was a tutor who had consequently been excluded by the jail and charged with allowing a hacker to crack the jail’s network.
Of course, someone must have known that Nicholas Webber was charged for hacking before he went to the IT class – the individual was sometimes referred to as a “notorious cyber-criminal”. It is unclear who might it have been if not Fox.
Her Majesty’s Prison Isis specializes in criminals under 25 and is located next to Her Majesty’s Prison, Belmarsh. It is also considered to be a maximum security facility. In the meantime, after the accident the BBC reported that the prison had been “bedeviled” with faulty technology
Now the prison authorities are arguing about who let it happen, but it actually doesn’t matter any more. For some reason, Nicholas Webber was allowed into an IT class in his prison, despite the fact that he was serving 5 years for launching a website called GhostMarket. The latter allowed people interested in writing computer viruses to partake of stolen IDs and enjoy private credit card data to congregate.
The hacker was caught using hacked personal data to purchase everything from smart devices to hotel stays. Although one might have thought that an IT class would have been dull for such expert, in fact inviting him to an IT class encouraged him to enjoy a little mischief. In result, the computer network at Her Majesty’s Prison Isis, South London, was hacked.
The mistake which led to the hacking back in 2011 has only come to light after the teacher at the IT class in jail, Michael Fox, launched a lawsuit against the college which employed him for unfair dismissal. The teacher claims he wasn’t aware that Webber had been a hacker. However, Prison Isis banned him and sent notes to other prisons that his talents were allegedly imperfect. As a result, Kensington and Chelsea College also laid him off.
According to the representatives of the prison, at the time of this incident the educational computer system at Isis was a closed network, without access to personal data or wider access to the worldwide web or other prison systems. However, the press reports announced that a “major panic” ensued. Michael Fox told an employment tribunal that the perceived problem was there was a tutor who had consequently been excluded by the jail and charged with allowing a hacker to crack the jail’s network.
Of course, someone must have known that Nicholas Webber was charged for hacking before he went to the IT class – the individual was sometimes referred to as a “notorious cyber-criminal”. It is unclear who might it have been if not Fox.
Her Majesty’s Prison Isis specializes in criminals under 25 and is located next to Her Majesty’s Prison, Belmarsh. It is also considered to be a maximum security facility. In the meantime, after the accident the BBC reported that the prison had been “bedeviled” with faulty technology
25 March 2013
PC Market Expected to Decline in 2013
The
personal computer slump is here to stay. The industry observers predict
that shipments of personal computers will decline by 1.3% this year, on
top of a 3.7% decline last year. Talking about numbers, approximately
345 million computers will be shipped in 2013.
Unfortunately,
Windows 8 failed to rekindle interest in personal computers and the
industry experts think that the lukewarm reception of Microsoft’s new
operating system will keep plaguing the market. In the meantime, the
users are still going after tablets, while Microsoft has had little luck
pushing Windows RT and Windows 8 in the tablet space.
According to the estimations of the market observers, sales of desktop
computers are expected to slow down in all markets. However, sales of
portable PCs might increase in emerging markets. In other words, it’s
quite good news for the producers of mid range and entry level laptops,
as well as to some extent AMD, slated to introduce some very competitive
low-end APUs soon. Nevertheless, it is still sad news for both Intel
and AMD, because they will not cash in on the tablet craze in 2013.
According to IDC vice president Loren Loverde, increase in emerging
markets has also slowed considerably. He also pointed out that the
consumers are still choosing more portable alternatives over personal
computers (tablets). Despite the fact that the PC makers do not consider
tablets – with limited local storage, file system, and lesser focus on
traditional productivity as functional competitors to personal
computers, they are still winning consumer dollars, offering mobility
and consumer appeal nevertheless. The only good news is that sales are
predicted to pick up in the end of 2013, with Microsoft cutting support
for Windows XP.
19 November 2012
বিনামূল্যে ওয়াইফাই কল সুবিধা আসছে ব্ল্যাকবেরিতে
কানাডিয়ান স্মার্টফোন নির্মাতা রিসার্চ ইন মোশন (রিম) তাদের বিবিএম মেসেজিং সার্ভিসে ওয়াইফাই নেটওয়ার্ক ব্যবহার করে ফ্রি ভয়েস সেবা চালুর কথা জানিয়েছে। খবর ইয়াহু নিউজ-এর।রিম ব্ল্যাকবেরি ১০ বাজারে ছাড়ার আগেই নতুন এ সার্ভিস চালুর ঘোষণা দিলো। বুধবার নতুন সেবা চালুর কথা প্রকাশ করে ব্ল্যাকবেরি। উত্তর আমেরিকায় আইফোন ও অ্যান্ড্রয়েড ডিভাইসের প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বী হিসেবে ব্ল্যাকবেরির বাজার তৈরি করতে রিম এ সিদ্ধান্ত নিয়েছে।
ওয়াইফাই নেটওয়ার্কের মাধ্যমে ব্ল্যাকবেরি ৬ ভার্সন থেকে পরবর্তী ভার্সনগুলোতে জনপ্রিয় বিবিএম মেসেজিং সার্ভিসের মাধ্যমে কল করার এ সুবিধা পাওয়া যাবে বলে জানানো হয়। বিশ্বজুড়ে ৬ কোটি বিবিএম ব্যবহারকারী রয়েছে। সার্ভিসটিতে ফ্রি ভয়েস কল সিস্টেম চালু করায় উন্নয়নশীল দেশগুলোতে এর চাহিদা বাড়তে পারে বলে জানায় রিম।
ওয়াইফাই নেটওয়ার্কের মাধ্যমে সীমিত আকারে এ সেবা পাওয়া যাবে। নতুন এ সার্ভিসে স্প্লিট স্ক্রিন অপশনের মাধ্যমে ভয়েস কলের পাশাপাশি টেক্সট মেসেজও আদান-প্রদান করা যাবে। বর্তমানে ব্ল্যাকবেরি অপারেটিং সিস্টেম ৬-এর পরের ভার্সনের ইউজাররা বিনামূল্যে সার্ভিসটি আপডেট করতে পারবেন।
রিম জানায়, বিবিএম ভয়েস ফিচারটি উন্নয়নশীল দেশের জন্য বেশ উপযোগী। এটি সাধারণ টেক্সট মেসেজের চেয়ে আলাদা। প্রতিটি টেক্সটের জন্য আলাদাভাবে চার্জ দেয়ার প্রয়োজন হবে না। দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকা, নাইজেরিয়া এবং ইন্দোনেশিয়ায় ব্ল্যাকবেরির ব্যাপক চাহিদা থাকলেও উত্তর আমেরিকায় ডিভাইসটির বাজার সৃষ্টির চেষ্টা চলছে বলে জানায় রিম। এছাড়া জানুয়ারির ৩০ তারিখে ব্ল্যাকবেরি ১০ অপারেটিং সিস্টেম বাজারে আসবে।
সার্ন সায়েন্টিস্টদের 'নয়া গুরু' কুংফু নান!
হিমালয়ের বৌদ্ধ সন্যাসিনীদের কাছ থেকে মহাজাগতিক শক্তির শিক্ষা নিচ্ছেন ইউরোপিয়ান অর্গানাইজেশন ফর নিউক্লিয়ার রিসার্চ বা সার্ন-এর বিজ্ঞানীরা! বৌদ্ধ সন্যাসিনীদের মার্শাল আর্ট প্রদর্শনী দেখে হতবুদ্ধি হয়ে যাওয়া বিজ্ঞানীদের, মহাজাগতিক শক্তির সঙ্গে সন্যাসিনীদের মধ্যে নিহিত শক্তির মিলের বিস্তারিত বুঝিয়ে দেন বৌদ্ধ ধর্মগুরু গায়েলইয়াং ড্রুকপা। খবর রয়টার্স-এর।সার্নে ১২ জন বৌদ্ধ সন্যাসিনী আর ৪৯ বছর বয়সি ড্রুকপার পরিদর্শন পুরোটাই বৈজ্ঞানিক খাতিরে নয় বলেই জানান ড্রুকপা। মহাবিশ্বের ভালোর জন্য নারী-পুরুষ উভয়ের মধ্যে নিহিত শক্তির সমান প্রয়োজন বলেই মন্তব্য করেন ড্রুকপা।
বৌদ্ধ সন্যাসিনীদের সঙ্গে নিয়ে পৃথিবী ভ্রমণ করে বিশ্বের বিভিন্ন দেশের মানুষের সামনে মার্শাল আর্টের প্রদর্শনীর মাধ্যমে নারী-পুরুষ বৈষম্য ঘোচাতে সাধারণ মানুষের মধ্যে সচেতনতা বৃদ্ধি এবং নারীর ক্ষমতায়নের প্রয়োজনীয়তা উপলব্ধি করানোর চেষ্টা করছেন বলে জানান ড্রুকপা।
কয়েক শতকেরও বেশি সময় ধরে তিব্বতে নারীদের মার্শাল আর্টে শিক্ষা নেয়ার ওপরে রয়েছে নিষেধাজ্ঞা। বছর তিনেক আগে এই প্রথা ভেঙ্গে নারীদেরও মার্শাল আর্টে প্রশিক্ষণ দেবার সিদ্ধান্ত নেন ড্রুকপা।
ড্রুকপার সিদ্ধান্তে সমর্থন জানিয়েছেন সার্ন সায়েন্টিস্ট পলিন গ্যাগনন। সাম্প্রতিক সময়ে বিজ্ঞানের জগতে নারীদের কম উপস্থিতি নিয়ে নিয়মিত ব্লগে লিখছিলেন সার্নের এই পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী।
Nasa to encrypt data after its latest laptop loss
Until the process is complete, it has forbidden staff from removing Nasa-issued laptops containing sensitive information from its facilities.
The order follows the loss of a device containing "sensitive personally identifiable information".
There have been several similar incidents over recent years.
Nasa said the latest incident had occurred on 31 October, when a laptop and documents were stolen from a locked vehicle of one of its employees at Nasa headquarters in Washington DC.
The machine was password protected, but the agency acknowledged that the information might still be accessible to hackers since it was not encrypted.
Encryption would have scrambled the data, requiring a complicated code to make it understandable again.
As a result, Nasa has warned its workers to watch out for bogus messages.
"All employees should be aware of any phone calls, emails, and other communications from individuals claiming to be from Nasa or other official sources that ask for personal information or verification of it," an agency-wide email published by news site Spaceref stated.
"Because of the amount of information that must be reviewed and validated electronically and manually, it may take up to 60 days for all individuals impacted by this breach to be identified and contacted."
Encryption order
As a result of the security breach, Nasa's chief information officer, Linda Cureton, has said that with immediate effect laptops containing information about the following topics could only leave its buildings if the relevant data was encrypted:
- the international sale or transport of weapons, nuclear equipment or other materials that fall under the US's export administration regulations
- information about Nasa's human resources
- other "sensitive but unclassified" data
She said that she wanted the maximum possible number of laptops to be encrypted by Wednesday and a target of all laptops a month later. In addition employees have been banned from storing sensitive data on mobile phones, tablets and other portable devices.
The Nasa Watch blog, which comments on affairs at the agency, had previously criticized it for a series of other data losses.
It noted that the organisation had been warned in 2009 that it was not taking enough steps to sufficiently protect information and had reported the loss or theft of 48 of its mobile computing devices between April 2009 and April 2011.
This is not the first time Nasa has promised action to address the problem.
In March, Nasa administrator Charles Bolden told the House Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on Commerce that that he was going to sign a directive ordering all portable devices to use encryption, after acknowledging the agency was "woefully deficient" when compared to other government departments.
Rat heart cells help create walking 'bio-bots'
Each twitch of the rat cells helps the tiny bio-bot move
Tiny biological robots that walk to the beat of a thin sheet of rat heart cells have been created by US scientists.
The "bio-bots" were fabricated using a 3D printer and then seeded with the cardiac cells.
The regular twitching motion of the heart cells makes the tiny structure flex and slowly inch along.
The project could lead to bio-bots with different shapes, seeded with all sorts of cells, that find a role in medicine or as sensors, said the researchers.
The 7mm long bio-bots were fabricated at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and resemble a diving board. They have one long leg supported towards one end by a broad stumpy foot.
A 3D printing process was used to build up layers to form the board and foot of the bio-bot from hydrogel - a biologically inert goo often used in tissue engineering work.
Cleaning up
A separate procedure was used to coat the underside of the long board with a single sheet of living rat cardiac cells. When the heart cells twitch in unison they make the long board curl and act as a lever to push the bio-bot a tiny distance forward. The bio-bot's top speed has been clocked at about 1mm every four seconds.
Prof Rashid Bashir, who led the research at the University of Illinois, said the team's tiny bio-bots could find a role as sensors or in environmental reclamation projects.
"Our goal is to see if we can get this thing to move toward chemical gradients, so we could eventually design something that can look for a specific toxin and then try to neutralise it," said Prof Bashir in a statement. "Now you can think about a sensor that's moving and constantly sampling and doing something useful, in medicine and the environment."
The research team is now making bio-bots of many shapes to find other ways for them to move and coating them with different types of cells to give them new abilities. They could be seeded with nerve cells or light-sensitive cells to give them more control over where they went.
"We have the design rules to make these millimetre-scale shapes and different physical architectures, which hasn't been done with this level of control," said Prof Bashir. "What we want to do now is add more functionality to it."
A paper describing the Illinois research appeared in Nature's Scientific Reports.
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